Implementing,implementing

Implementing,implementing

美国州长不能管县长、市长?那州长管什么?

美国是一个联邦制国家,这种联邦制给了美国各个州很大的权力,在联邦层面美国只有联邦和州这两级行政划分,不过到了州以下美国的行政级别划分就比较混乱,美国宪法也不管州政府以及州以下各级政府之间的事情。就像美国总统不能管州长的事情一样,美国的州长也不能管县长或者市长的事情。美国各级政府的权力原则很简单,各级政府的首脑都是由他们所属区域的民众选择的,无论是总统、州长还是市长,他们都只对自己的选民负责,即便是市长和县长也没有上级,各级政府官员各管各的事情,他们相互之间也不会互相牵扯干扰。

美国的州长不能管市长和县长的事情,那他们当然就只能管自己州的事情。美国各级政府官员都会有自己的事情,高一级官员的事情并不是管低一级的官员,官员的工作职责也不是对其他官员发号施令,他们的工作职责在于给自己的民众解决问题。州长即便不管市长和县长,他们也有很多工作要忙,每个州都会有本州的事务。美国的“州”更准确一点翻译实际上就是国家,每个州都是一个拥有很大自主权的“国家”,它们可以制定自己法律,划分自己的行政区划,甚至每个州都有一部分自己的税务权力,这样的权力结构让美国的州长就像是一个统治区域缩小版的美国总统。

不过我们可别小看美国的州长,论管理面积,美国阿拉斯加州州长的地盘比欧洲除俄罗斯之外的任何国家都大,论管理区域的经济体量,美国加州州长可以排在世界第五位。所以我们不用担心美国州长会因为不能管县长和市长就没事儿可干,州政府有州政府的事情,像美国纽约市的市长还被认为是工作任务仅次于美国总统的政府官员呢。州长要管本州的基础设施建设事务,要负责本州的招商引资工作,还要解决本州民众的教育和工作问题,总之美国的州长就像一个国家的“首相”,他们的工作也可能会很忙。

苹果是否允许开发者收集和分享联系人数据?

苹果公司不否允许开发者收集和分享联系人数据特别是在本次的WWDC2018上,苹果再次强调了隐私政策的变化。苹果在iOS 12中增加了对远程镜像应用的限制、禁止了加密货币挖掘行为,这些都是对数据的控制,防止被不法分子利用, 并且近日苹果又更新了隐私策略,收紧了数据共享规则,阻止开发者获取iPhone用户联系人的数据。

目前APP Store的最新指南在5.2.1条中做出了明确的表示:https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines/#data-collection-and-storage5.1.2 Data Use and Sharing(i) Unless otherwise permitted by law, you may not use, transmit, or share someone’s personal data without first obtaining their permission. You must provide access to information about how and where the data will be used. Data collected from apps may only be shared with third parties to improve the app or serve advertising (in compliance with the Apple Developer Program License Agreement.). Apps that share user data without user consent or otherwise complying with data privacy laws may be removed from sale and may result in your removal from the Apple Developer Program.(ii) Data collected for one purpose may not be repurposed without further consent unless otherwise explicitly permitted by law.(iii) Apps should not attempt to surreptitiously build a user profile based on collected data and may not attempt, facilitate, or encourage others to identify anonymous users or reconstruct user profiles based on data collected from Apple-provided APIs or any data that you say has been collected in an “anonymized,” “aggregated,” or otherwise non-identifiable way.(iv) Do not use information from Contacts, Photos, or other APIs that access user data to build a contact database for your own use or for sale/distribution to third parties, and don’t collect information about which other apps are installed on a user’s device for the purposes of analytics or advertising/marketing.(v) Do not contact people using information collected via a user’s Contacts or Photos, except at the explicit initiative of that user on an individualized basis; do not include a Select All option or default the selection of all contacts. You must provide the user with a clear description of how the message will appear to the recipient before sending it (e.g. What will the message say? Who will appear to be the sender?).(vi) Data gathered from the HomeKit API, HealthKit, Consumer Health Records API, MovementDisorder APIs, ClassKit or from depth and/or facial mapping tools (e.g. ARKit, Camera APIs, or Photo APIs) may not be used for marketing, advertising or use-based data mining, including by third parties. Learn more about best practices for implementing CallKit, HealthKit, ClassKit, and ARKit.(vii) Apps using Apple Pay may only share user data acquired via Apple Pay with third parties to facilitate or improve delivery of goods and services.这篇文档的大概意思就是:在没有得到用户允许的情况下,禁止一切大数据解析还有数据收集,而且如果调用了用户隐私权限,都必须要邮件通知详细的使用情况。

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文章标题:Implementing,implementing
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